Sunday, 3 August 2025

TDR vs STDR

 

Feature

TDR (Term Deposit Receipt)

STDR (Special Term Deposit Receipt)

Full Form

Term Deposit Receipt

Special Term Deposit Receipt

Type of Interest Payment

Periodic payout (monthly/quarterly/half-yearly/annually)

Cumulative (paid at maturity with compounding)

Payout Mode

Interest is credited regularly to the savings/current account

Interest is compounded quarterly and paid on maturity

Best Suited For

Individuals looking for regular income

Individuals looking for wealth accumulation

Tenure Options

Generally ranges from 7 days to 10 years

Same tenure as TDR (but commonly used for 1–10 years)

Interest Rate

Slightly lower than STDR due to periodic payout

Slightly higher due to compounding effect

Difference between 15G and 15H

 

Feature

Form 15G

Form 15H

Purpose

To prevent deduction of TDS (Tax Deducted at Source) on income if taxable income is below limit

Same purpose: prevent TDS if taxable income is below exemption limit

Eligibility

Resident individuals below the age of 60 years, HUFs, and trusts

Resident senior citizens (aged 60 years or above)

Age Criteria

Must be less than 60 years

Must be 60 years or older

Tax Liability Condition

Total taxable income must be NIL

Total taxable income must be NIL

Applicable To

Fixed deposits, EPF withdrawals, interest income, etc.

Same as Form 15G

PAN Requirement

Mandatory

Mandatory

Income Threshold (FY 2025-26)

Should not exceed basic exemption limit (₹2.5 lakh for individuals below 60)

Should not exceed basic exemption limit (₹3 lakh for 60–79 years, ₹5 lakh for 80+)

Can HUF Submit?

Yes

No

Form Type

Form 15G is composed of Part I (by individual) and Part II (by deductor)

Same structure

Difference between user defined and inbuilt functions

 

Aspect

User-Defined Functions

Inbuilt Functions

Definition

Functions that are explicitly written and defined by the programmer to perform specific tasks according to the application's logic.

Predefined functions provided by the programming language or standard libraries to perform commonly required operations.

Availability

Not available by default; must be written by the user in the program.

Available by default and can be used without writing any additional code.

Customization

Fully customizable—users have complete control over the logic, parameters, and behavior.

Not customizable in most cases; their internal implementation is hidden (black box).

Usage Purpose

Created when the program needs specific functionality that is not provided by existing functions.

Used to perform common, repetitive tasks such as mathematical calculations, string manipulations, input/output, etc.

Difference between call by value and call by reference

 

Aspect

Call by Value

Call by Reference

Definition

In Call by Value, a copy of the actual value is passed to the function. Changes made inside the function do not affect the original variable.

In Call by Reference, the reference (memory address) of the original variable is passed. Changes inside the function directly affect the original variable.

Data Passed

Only the value of the variable is passed.

The address (reference) of the variable is passed.

Effect on Original Variable

Original data remains unchanged, as the function works on a copy.

Original data can be modified, as the function works on the actual data.

Memory Usage

Requires more memory, since copies are created.

Uses less memory, as it avoids duplication by using references.

Difference between C and C++

 

Aspect

C Language

C++ Language

Overview

C is a procedural, general-purpose programming language developed in the early 1970s. It is known for system-level programming.

C++ is an object-oriented language built as an extension of C in the 1980s, supporting both procedural and object-oriented programming.

Programming Paradigm

Procedural programming – focuses on functions, sequence, and structured code flow.

Multi-paradigm – supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming.

Object-Oriented Support

Does not support object-oriented programming concepts like classes and objects.

Fully supports object-oriented features such as classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism.

Data Security

Less secure – data can be accessed from any function, no concept of encapsulation.

More secure – uses classes and access specifiers (public, private, protected) for data hiding.

Difference between C and Python

 

Aspect

C Language

Python Language

Overview

C is a general-purpose, procedural programming language developed in the early 1970s. It is considered the backbone of modern system-level programming.

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language created in the late 1980s. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity.

Level

Low-level to mid-level language, closer to machine language, ideal for system programming.

High-level language, more abstracted from the hardware, great for application-level coding.

Typing Discipline

Statically typed – variables must be declared with data types before use.

Dynamically typed – no need to declare variable types explicitly; types are inferred at runtime.

Syntax

Strict, compact, and more complex with many semicolons, braces, and declarations.

Simple, clean, and English-like, promoting readability and fewer lines of code.

Difference between stack and pointer

 

Aspect

Stack

Pointer

Definition

A stack is a linear data structure that follows the LIFO (Last In, First Out) principle, where elements are added and removed from the same end (called the top).

A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable, allowing indirect access to that value.

Concept Type

Abstract data structure used for managing collections of elements.

Programming construct used to manage memory and reference variables indirectly.

Primary Use

Used for function call management, undo operations, expression evaluation, and recursive programming.

Used for dynamic memory allocation, data structures (like linked lists, trees), and passing arguments by reference.