ios vs Windows Operating system

Aspect	iOS (Apple)	Windows (Microsoft)
Developer	Apple Inc.	Microsoft Corporation
First Released	June 29, 2007	November 20, 1985
Primary Devices	iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch	Desktop PCs, laptops, tablets
Device Compatibility	Only runs on Apple hardware	Runs on hardware from various manufacturers (HP, Dell, Lenovo, etc.)
User Interface (UI)	Touch-optimized; minimalistic and uniform	Supports mouse, keyboard, and touch; customizable interface
App Store / Software	Apple App Store – tightly controlled, curated apps	Microsoft Store + third-party software freely installable

TDR vs STDR

 

Feature	TDR (Term Deposit Receipt)	STDR (Special Term Deposit Receipt)
Full Form	Term Deposit Receipt	Special Term Deposit Receipt
Type of Interest Payment	Periodic payout (monthly/quarterly/half-yearly/annually)	Cumulative (paid at maturity with compounding)
Payout Mode	Interest is credited regularly to the savings/current account	Interest is compounded quarterly and paid on maturity
Best Suited For	Individuals looking for regular income	Individuals looking for wealth accumulation
Tenure Options	Generally ranges from 7 days to 10 years	Same tenure as TDR (but commonly used for 1–10 years)
Interest Rate	Slightly lower than STDR due to periodic payout	Slightly higher due to compounding effect

Difference between 15G and 15H

 

Feature	Form 15G	Form 15H
Purpose	To prevent deduction of TDS (Tax Deducted at Source) on income if taxable income is below limit	Same purpose: prevent TDS if taxable income is below exemption limit
Eligibility	Resident individuals below the age of 60 years, HUFs, and trusts	Resident senior citizens (aged 60 years or above)
Age Criteria	Must be less than 60 years	Must be 60 years or older
Tax Liability Condition	Total taxable income must be NIL	Total taxable income must be NIL
Applicable To	Fixed deposits, EPF withdrawals, interest income, etc.	Same as Form 15G
PAN Requirement	Mandatory	Mandatory
Income Threshold (FY 2025-26)	Should not exceed basic exemption limit (₹2.5 lakh for individuals below 60)	Should not exceed basic exemption limit (₹3 lakh for 60–79 years, ₹5 lakh for 80+)
Can HUF Submit?	Yes	No
Form Type	Form 15G is composed of Part I (by individual) and Part II (by deductor)	Same structure

Difference between user defined and inbuilt functions

 

Aspect	User-Defined Functions	Inbuilt Functions
Definition	Functions that are explicitly written and defined by the programmer to perform specific tasks according to the application's logic.	Predefined functions provided by the programming language or standard libraries to perform commonly required operations.
Availability	Not available by default; must be written by the user in the program.	Available by default and can be used without writing any additional code.
Customization	Fully customizable—users have complete control over the logic, parameters, and behavior.	Not customizable in most cases; their internal implementation is hidden (black box).
Usage Purpose	Created when the program needs specific functionality that is not provided by existing functions.	Used to perform common, repetitive tasks such as mathematical calculations, string manipulations, input/output, etc.

Difference between call by value and call by reference

 

Aspect	Call by Value	Call by Reference
Definition	In Call by Value, a copy of the actual value is passed to the function. Changes made inside the function do not affect the original variable.	In Call by Reference, the reference (memory address) of the original variable is passed. Changes inside the function directly affect the original variable.
Data Passed	Only the value of the variable is passed.	The address (reference) of the variable is passed.
Effect on Original Variable	Original data remains unchanged, as the function works on a copy.	Original data can be modified, as the function works on the actual data.
Memory Usage	Requires more memory, since copies are created.	Uses less memory, as it avoids duplication by using references.

Difference between C and C++

 

Aspect	C Language	C++ Language
Overview	C is a procedural, general-purpose programming language developed in the early 1970s. It is known for system-level programming.	C++ is an object-oriented language built as an extension of C in the 1980s, supporting both procedural and object-oriented programming.
Programming Paradigm	Procedural programming – focuses on functions, sequence, and structured code flow.	Multi-paradigm – supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming.
Object-Oriented Support	Does not support object-oriented programming concepts like classes and objects.	Fully supports object-oriented features such as classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism.
Data Security	Less secure – data can be accessed from any function, no concept of encapsulation.	More secure – uses classes and access specifiers (public, private, protected) for data hiding.

Difference between C and Python

 

Aspect	C Language	Python Language
Overview	C is a general-purpose, procedural programming language developed in the early 1970s. It is considered the backbone of modern system-level programming.	Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language created in the late 1980s. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity.
Level	Low-level to mid-level language, closer to machine language, ideal for system programming.	High-level language, more abstracted from the hardware, great for application-level coding.
Typing Discipline	Statically typed – variables must be declared with data types before use.	Dynamically typed – no need to declare variable types explicitly; types are inferred at runtime.
Syntax	Strict, compact, and more complex with many semicolons, braces, and declarations.	Simple, clean, and English-like, promoting readability and fewer lines of code.

Difference between stack and pointer

 

Aspect	Stack	Pointer
Definition	A stack is a linear data structure that follows the LIFO (Last In, First Out) principle, where elements are added and removed from the same end (called the top).	A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable, allowing indirect access to that value.
Concept Type	Abstract data structure used for managing collections of elements.	Programming construct used to manage memory and reference variables indirectly.
Primary Use	Used for function call management, undo operations, expression evaluation, and recursive programming.	Used for dynamic memory allocation, data structures (like linked lists, trees), and passing arguments by reference.